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The presence of temperature gradients can make the temperature readings obtained with these different configurations quite different. Figure 8 shows a typical example of difference in temperature measurements between the pyrometer and the thermocouple placed inside the lower plunger obtained experimentally in the case of a non- conducting sample. Depending on the final temperature and on the experimental conditions the difference in readings can range from few degrees to several hundred degrees.

S. H. Risbud, and A. K. Mukherjee, "Influence of initial crystal structure and electrical pulsing on densification of nanocrystalline alumina powder", J. Mater. Res. 13, 8689(1998). 20 P. G. Khor, and G. Krumpel, "Spark-Plasma-Sintering (SPS) of nanostructured and submicron titanium oxide powders", Mat. Science and Eng. A 381, 16-19 (2004). 21 P. G. A. Khor, G. Korb, and I. Zalite, „Spark-Plasma-Sintering of nanostructured Titanium Carbonitride powders", J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 25, 1919-1927 (2005).

This is a very clear advantage of the SPS process, but it should be noted that for an industrial application the total processing time is of higher relevance. The cooling time should also be included in the consideration, its reduction enhances also the problem of internal cracks and tension, especially if larger sample are discussed. This problem can be solved by an adapted design of the SPS device to the necessities of the production: possibility of serial work on different samples (e. g. evacuating section - heating section - cooling section).

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